![]() The coincidences between some biblical Ps and, for example, some maxims from the Instruction of Amenemope-developed in the world of the Pharaohs and containing advice on the art of living, succeeding in life, and being happy-have long been pointed out ( Cimosa, 2007). The much better-known collection of ancient Jewish wisdom, the Proverbs ( Vattioni, 1998), is directly influenced by Egyptian wisdom. Initially closely linked to religious morality, it diverged from it to evolve into a set of practical and behavioural advice and rules an example dating back to mid-second-millennium B.C.: “Bread given with love is more valued than a capon given with resentment” ( Lapucci, 2007). Even among the ancient Egyptians, the P was of remarkable importance. An example: “Who possesses much silver may be happy who possesses much barley may be glad but he who has nothing at all may sleep” ( Lapucci, 2007). Sumerian Ps are surprising for the topicality of their themes, despite the differences within society, customs, economy, and religion. The P boasts an important and ancient history, and it can be found in all cultures and in all ages, with rare exceptions the Sumerians provided us with the oldest written evidence of Ps (18th century B.C.) ( Lapucci, 2007). In the first case, authoritativeness relies on a collective basis and resides in the communal wisdom of a population in the second case, however, skills and social position granted to the individual author make the A authoritative. As for the difference between Ps and As, if the former belong primarily to the oral and community tradition, the latter belong to the written tradition and express an individual thought Ps are ascribable to a popular tradition, while As refers to a learned tradition ( Cristilli, 1989). They belong to the same genre as the treatise and the essay, but, due to their extremely concise nature, they show a lack of argumentation, thus becoming sententious quotes ( Helmich, 2006). They are the little things helping the big ones thrive ( Limentani, 2006), a happy briefness ( Rigoni, 2006). The greater the wit paroemias are expressed with-and the denser their information is-the greater, ipso facto, is their ability to convey knowledge ( Poccetti, 1989). Saying a lot in a nutshell ( Franceschini, 2007): a paroemia is a communication tool made of short, wise quotes ( Mieder, 1993) whose conciseness is inversely proportional to their deepness ( Levergeois, 2006), briefly expressing truths drawn from experience ( Lapucci, 2007). The term “paroemia” refers to a broad spectrum of linguistic phenomena, including proverbs (Ps) and aphorisms (As) as well. ![]() Paroemias are the most ancient linguistic form of science and knowledge transfer: short, sharp, memorable quotes handed down in written or oral form with an ethical and sapiential content, useful for instructing people in the art of living. Karl Kraus (1972) Paroemias: history and goals of proverbs and aphorisms It is either a half-truth or one-and-a-half truths.” “An aphorism never coincides with the truth: Results: Thirty-three As were selected and organised according to effective and ineffective strategies, the target of the BT intervention for PPD and hPI cases. Method: Starting from an initial collection of 369 original As created on the spot in 2,335 BT sessions, As used during on-line psychotherapy on 55 patients with PPD and/or an hPI measured with the SCL-90-R were identified. Research question: Is it possible to identify As with therapeutic value in treating paranoid personality disorder (PPD) and high paranoid ideation (hPI) cases? Therefore, a carefully selected SoO (based on psychological complementaries) underlies the desired therapeutic reframing, which can be identified as a core goal of the psychotherapeutic intervention. Theoretical proposal: In As, a specific structure-the implicit and explicit symmetry of opposites (SoO)-allows a surprise effect, which in turn allows a therapeutic effect. With a handful of words, they arouse emotions and different perspectives. Ordine degli Psicologi del Lazio, Rome, Italyīackground: In brief therapy (BT), aphorisms (As) have been considered a privileged element in therapeutic language.
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